Espalier apple tree and notch advice before cutting

[Roland]

Here some extra information about pruning espalier trees:

Espalier Apple Trees Rework - 2016 Updates

My 89 year old Dutch teacher is his full life busy with espalier fruit trees. He have so mutch knowledge how to manipulate the growth of fruit trees. For espalier fruit trees I got there are a few very important rules: a) Growth rules of Vöchting and Koopmann. b) First establish the lower or outer branches (depending on type of espalier shape) before u start the next layer. If not, these branches will always be weak and give less fruit. c) Pruning in winter gives extra growth. d) Pruning in…