With training espaliers, is it really necessary to cut off the trunks vertical growth for each layer? Or if there are already side branches at good locations on the trunk, I can just train the branches without doing a head cut to the trunk?
How do I identify of what I see is a fruiting spur or not? Could you show me via photos how each would look?
Whats the difference between a thinning cut and a heading cut?
As for heading cuts vs. thinning cuts- A heading cut is when you shorten a given branch. A thinning cut is when you remove a branch altogether right at the point where it attaches to another branch.
If you need to both thin and shorten at at the same time you can do a thinning cut that leaves a shorter branch and cuts the longer part of the branch off at the crotch formed where the shorter branch attaches to the larger branch- that’s “drop-crotch” pruning.