Hybrid Persimmons that are reportedly cold hardy

General Fruit Growing
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Embryo rescue is describes here
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304423805003298

"# Fruit set and embryo rescue in crosses using parthenocarpic ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon

Author links open overlay panelP. Leng a, H. Yamamura b

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Abstract

The ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon is a seedless, astringent parthenocarpic cultivar that does not produce male flowers. After pollination using four non-astringent cultivars (‘Zenjimaru’, ‘Nishimurawase’, ‘Okugosho’ and ‘Hanagosho’), seeds were produced to different degrees. ‘Mopanshi’ fruits pollinated with ‘Zenjimaru’ produced far more seeds than those pollinated with the other three cultivars. The ratio of abnormal seeds obtained from the fruits pollinated with ‘Hanagosho’ was higher than that obtained from the fruits pollinated with the other three cultivars. Most embryos degenerated in the early to late stages of seed development. Immature embryos were cultured in a modified MS medium (half of NO3 in MS medium + 0.4 μM BA + 0.1 μM IBA) with the greatest success (52–80%) from embryos taken from fruits 60–80 days after pollination. Seedlings failed to initiate radicles so they were transferred to dark culture conditions for 8 days or to a rooting media that contained 3% sucrose and 1% Chinese ink. The seedlings on the medium darkened with ink rooted at greater than 90.83% compared to 75.83% for dark cultured seedlings. This study demonstrated that ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon could be used as a female parent in crosses, but embryos needed to be moved to tissue culture conditions to continue to develop and form plantlets.

Introduction

The persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. ‘Mopanshi’) originated in the Yangtze River valley. It has become the main cultivar in north China due to its superior quality, high production, frost hardiness and drought resistance. It is also the most prevalent astringent cultivar in China. This cultivar does not have male flowers and the fruits of it are large: the average weight is 250 g and a large fruit can be up to 450 g. It is an outstanding female parent source in the general cross-breeding of persimmon. During recent years, we have introduced some excellent non-astringent cultivars from Japan. But in north of China, these cultivars have got some problems such as they cannot become completely non-astringent during the ripening stage, their low temperature adaptabilities are poor and so on. So it is our aim through breeding to solve the problems of cultivar simplification and ripening periods concentricity. Hybridizing non-astringent cultivars with ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon as female parent could yield new cultivars of non-astringent or astringent persimmon with early ripening, large size fruit of superior quality and good resistance to frost and drought. Because of its parthenocarpic capacity, this cultivar can only be used as a female parent, but according to the discovery in the recent years’ cross-breeding practice, the high percentage of abnormal seeds during the growth of its hybrid seriously hampered the development of the research in cross-breeding.

The technique of embryo rescue could rescue abortive embryos to obtain hybrid seedlings (Bridgen, 1994, Iwamoto, 2001). The objectives of current study were to investigate embryo development in ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon pollinated by different non-astringent cultivars. The timing and conditions for embryo rescue in abortive seeds were also investigated.

Section snippets

Pollen source and pollination method

Fifteen ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon trees at a highly productive age planted at China Agricultural University were used. Pollen of ‘Zenjimaru’ and ‘Nishimurawase’ was from the Research Institute of Pomology, Northwest Agriculture Technology University, and pollen of ‘Okugosho’ and ‘Hanagosho’ was from the China Agricultural University.

The flowering period of ‘Mopanshi’ was from May 14 to May 21 in 2003. Style abscission began on May 21. Because the fluorescence of the pollinated variety was 7–10 days

Effect of pollination on fruit growth and seed set of ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon

There were no differences in growth between non-pollinated controls and pollinated ‘Mopanshi’ fruits. The average weight of fruits pollinated with ‘Zenjimaru’, ‘Nishimurawase’, ‘Okugosho’ and ‘Hanagosho’ and harvested on October 10 were 230.0, 236.3, 228.4 and 231.1 g, respectively, compared to 232.1 g in non-pollinated control fruit (Fig. 1).

No seeds formed in the ‘Mopanshi’ fruits without pollination, but seeds did form in pollinated fruits (Table 1). The number of seeds per fruit was different

Discussion

‘Mopanshi’ persimmon shows strong parthenocarpy and seeds are rarely produced. However, ‘Mopanshi’ could produce seeds after pollination with non-astringent persimmon pollen, but most of the seeds degenerated in the early or late growth stage. The degree of zygote embryo abortion in ‘Mopanshi’ was affected by the pollen parent. This appears to be correlated with the pollen parent’s ability to set seed (personal observation). There are numerous reasons for embryo degeneration (Kitajima et al.,

Acknowledgement

The paper has been supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (6052013).

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2021, Scientia Horticulturae

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But plants deflasked in the middle of February 2019 were shown to be grown much healthier and stronger than those deflasked in the middle of December (Fig. 2I–L). In vitro embryo rescue technique is widely explored and used to recover hybrid seedlings from crosses in systematic breeding, wherein the hybrid embryos are susceptible to abortion and difficult to produce seedlings, for example, for breeding of grape (Tang et al., 2009), persimmon (Leng and Yamamura, 2006), kiwifruit (Wu, 2012a), jujube (Ren et al., 2018), citrus (Xie et al., 2019), and early ripen cultivars of peach (Mancuso et al., 2002). Although several reports are available on embryo rescue of cherry (Deng et al., 2019; Li et al., 2004, 2014b; Xu et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2008), the suitable rescue methodologies were still not available and the efficiency of embryo rescue still needed improvement (Xu et al., 2018).

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2014, Scientia Horticulturae

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This in vitro technique consists of germinating and obtaining plantlets from immature embryos, grown in a defined nutrient medium under aseptic conditions (Cravero and Cointry, 2007). Since the first studies performed in Iris sp. (Randolph, 1945), it has been applied mainly to overcome postzygotic barriers in interespecific crosses in different species, including peppers (Ochatt et al., 2002; Hossain et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2004; Leng and Yamamura, 2006; Yoon et al., 2006; Cravero and Cointry, 2007; Bhattarai et al., 2009; Dagustu et al., 2010; Gebologlu et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011). However, reports dealing with the shortening of breeding cycles are very scarce in vegetables, apart from very few studies in artichoke and tomato (Cravero and Cointry, 2007; Bhattarai et al., 2009; Gebologlu et al., 2011).

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2013, Scientia Horticulturae

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Thus, isolation and in vitro culture of zygotic embryos may be very helpful in both situations. This technique was first reported in two Cruciferae: Cochleira and Raphanus (Hannig, 1904) and since then it has been found very useful not only for shortening breeding cycles or enabling interspecific/intergeneric hybridizations, but also for overcoming seed dormancy or sterility, obtaining valuable haploid materials, or micropropagation, among other strategies (e.g. Tukey, 1933; Randolph, 1945; Kott and Kasha, 1985; Chen and Adachi, 1996; Acebedo et al., 1997; Lotfi et al., 2003; Leng and Yamamura, 2006; Tamaki et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2011). As a whole, the knowledge of the response of Capsicum zygotic embryos to in vitro culture is still relatively scarce, with the exception of very few reports.

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